You should read the immigrate section at http://www.cic.gc.ca/ Especially the provincial nominee programs where you have to look at each one of them for international graduate class but you can also look at Canadian experience class. Some of the PNP's might require you to take at least a 2 year course. You have to make sure that the course you have picked qualifies for their program as well as the school. After you have finished your studies you can apply for a post-grad work permit. Canada will give you a post-grad work permit (open work permit) of no more than 3 years but also only as long as your course was so if you took a 1 year course, 1 year work permit. Then you have to find an employer who will support your application for PR to the provincial program.
If you go through Canadian experience class, you would still have to make sure your school qualifies and your course, I think they require your course to be at least 2 years and you would have to work for a year before you can apply but you would not need employers support or sponsorship.
Once you get PR, you have to live in Canada 3 years (time spent in Canada before PR may count for up to 1 year of that so maybe only 2 years after PR) then you can apply for citizenship.
If you find a PNP that will let you apply with only a year of studies and employer support and you find an employer who will let you apply right away, your timeline would be 1 year studies + 1 year applying for PR + 2 years living in Canada as PR + 1 year processing of citizenship application, give or take 5 years.
