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It depends on when your application has been received at CIC and not when you wrote the exam..

I am sorry for your rejection.. Try applying again with new scores
 
If you are a German, I think "iam_toby" would be able to help you with more insights. Sorry to hear about your rejection.

Did you receive any other requests/emails from CIC after AOR but before the rejection email?
 
1) you can stay in Canada for as long as you have a status, as a worker or visitor, etc. Applying for PR doesn't give you status.

2) You cannot stay beyond your current work permit without leaving unless you have applied for another work permit and you're on implied status. It might be worth doing a paper application for a Bridging Open Work Permit whilst waiting for your AOR, I've read posts on here stating that it has worked but you'd need to do more research (or get opinions from senior members on here)