We've seen a few instances here where care institutions were willing to go through the LMIA process. Agreed the chances are on the lower side but no harm in asking. Worst case scenario they say no.
1. He should speak to his employer and ask if he call be moved to full time status.
2. He cannot extend his PGWP. Most obvious option is for his employer to get an approved LMIA so that he can apply for a closed work permit. Does he qualify for the IEC program? Where is he from and how old is he?
Was your application incomplete? You can certainly try requesting reconsideration through a web form. It will be up to IRCC if they accept or not. If your application was incomplete, then make sure you address this issue when you send the web form.
(1) This is more or less the time you should expect.
(2) Definitely not recommended. If she leaves then she should stay outside of Canada for a while before attempting return for another long trip. Otherwise she risks a refusal at entry. If she wants to stay longer, apply for the extension from...
I feel your are overcomplicating if I'm being honest and causing yourself unnecessary stress because you haven't read through the full details of the process.
Once you sponsor her for PR and she received an acknowledgement that her application is accepted (typically about a month after the...
Generally the only real way is if you held an open work permit. Since you are on a closed work permit, there's not much choice but to wait.
I'm assuming you don't fit the criteria for an IEC / Working Holiday Visa?