if you applied outland:
the sponsor will receive an email acknowledging receipt (AOR) of the application package, and then sponsor approval (SA). it is currently taking 30-60 days for sponsor approval.
after the sponsor has been approved, the application is internally transferred to the appropriate visa office abroad. depending on the visa office, you may or may not receive an AOR2 acknowledging the package has been received. most visa offices do NOT send AOR2's.
You will then be waiting without any communication from CIC until they are ready to process your application. At that point, the applicant may receive requests for additional documents, or you may not. if an interview is required, you will be sent a letter.
if you don't receive additional requests or an interview letter, then it's assumed the interview has been waived and the next step will be to receive the passport request (PPR) and if the Right of Permanent Residency Fee (RPRF) hasn't been paid, you will receive the request to pay it. If you require a visa to travel to canada, then you will need to submit your original passport for processing. if you don't require a visa, then you either will need to submit a scanned copy of the passport. Sometimes visa exempt applicants are exempt from supplying a passport copy. This will finalize your file. Once the file is finalized, CIC will process your COPR(confirmation of permanent residency) and mail it to you. Once you receive that, you are clear to land and must by the expiration date listed on the COPR.
How long the second stage takes depends on the visa office. you can search the forum for threads specific to your visa office to get a good idea of a timeline.