You can try applying for your son. You will need to include an LOE explaining why you failed to declare him in all previous applications. It may be best to use a lawyer for this application. No one here can tell you if your son will be approved or denied. This is not a straight forward case.
It's an important distinction. This means you know when the estimated processing time starts. Let's say you applied online. Assuming so, processing time starts as soon as you submit your application through the IRCC portal, not when IRCC bothers to open your application, per your original post...
How long a visit did you request?
Have you already submitted the spousal sponsorship application and received AOR?
Does she have previous travel to countries requiring visas?
The rules changed a couple of years ago to allow outland applicants to apply for an OWP provided they are physically in Canada and have AOR. This is a well established rule now and lots here have done just that. I'll see if I can find a link later of the rules change being announced. But again...
Since it's a family arranged marriage, wait until all of the marriage and celebration formalities are completed, including the big family event, before submitting the sponsorship application.
You can apply now provided you have at least one CRA NOA that shows you meet LICO.
I'm not sure what you mean by dummy insurance. You need to purchase the insurance policy before submitting the application.
Not possible. She needs to have related work experience and the quota is already full for this year with no spots remaining. As others have said, earliest she will be able to apply is sometime next year.
IMO you can overcome most of this however would want to get the knee replacement done before applying to immigrate to Canada.
How are you planning on immigrating to Canada? I assume it is not through an economic immigration stream due to your age. If it is through spousal sponsorship, then your...