Obtaining "permanent resident status", which is what you do when you land, is not the same as becoming a "resident" (Of Canada, or a particular province therein). In order to be legal resident, as PMM says, you need to "establish residency," which means actually having a residence or some sort of other "residential ties." It is not necessarily clear cut what actions establish residence in some cases.
One place where this comes up is driving a US plated vehicle into Canada. Many times CBSA agents do not understand this right away, but one can be a "landed permanent resident" of Canada, but a resident of the United States at the same time. Therefore, someone like this should not be subject to the provision that bars "Canadian residents" from driving a US plated vehicle into Canada. However, situations like these can lead to some difficult interactions at the border, if the particular agent you get isn't used to thinking outside the box. Same can happen going into the US. Many US CBP agents are not used to seeing a US passport handed to them from a Canadian plated vehicle and this can lead to further questioning until they figure it out.
In answer to your question, you have no need to get an Alberta license until you actually move there.
