28 is way too late to apply for H&C based your parents' decision to leave. You could have applied 10 years ago, That is why you were legitimately refused.
But you have a strong profile to try to apply for PR based on your own merits.
Good luck.
There's no timeline for that and there might not be any ADRs, it should have been rejected as incomplete or refused after education points exclusion and your CRS score recalculation.
Try to raise a web form also explaining all of that. It might help
You need to prove that you have been physically present in Canada for at least 730 days during a rolling five-year period. so 2 years period is enough to meet that requirement.
Yes, it should be good. Besides, bank statements are not that relevant. You need a bank account snapshot showing your cash and debts for the last 3 months. IRCC doesn't care for specific everyday transaction history.