1. If you apply while you are both living in Cyprus, you have the added burden of proving that you will move to Canada when you get PR. You can do this by showing that you arranged housing, that you have job offers or whatever. If she's already in Canada when you apply, you don't have to prove that you will be moving there. Having a job does not matter for her since she will not be denied because of income to sponsor a spouse.
2. It took me a month to get the FBI clearance when I did it.
3. You can go visit with an outland application. You can tell the people at the border that you are there to visit your wife and that you have an outland application going and if they call you for interview, you will have to leave Canada to go to it so there is not much chance of you trying to overstay.
4. At
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/offices/apply-where.asp#c it says that the visa office responsible for Cyprus is Ankara or Damascus. If you click on each one, it says Damascus is responsible for Cyprus and Ankara for Turkey so I don't know why they say both. You will send your file to Mississauga and right now, approving your wife as a sponsor will take 38 days, see
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/canada/process-in.asp#sponsorship Then the file gets send to Damascus (I assume rather than Ankara) and will take there 4-7 months, average 5, see
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/international/05-fc-spouses.asp#africa or if it goes to Ankara, same time, see
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/international/05-fc-spouses.asp#europe