1a. For FSW you need at least 1 year continuous full time skilled work experience to apply so you must work another 6 months to get that as well as you need to pass the 67 points mark and if you are under arranged employment, your work permit needs to remain valid throughout your processing. Processing times can be seen here:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/perm/skilled-fed.asp1b. For PNP ask AINP what their processing times currently are. You would have an option of asking for a nomination as a graduate or as a worker. I do not know if there is any difference in the processing. After your nomination, you apply for PR, see processing times here:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/perm/provincial.asp As an AINP nominee, your intention must be to settle in AB. You should at least land in AB and stay a couple of months after that but then you can leave. In case somebody asks later, your intention was to settle at the time you landed but you got an opportunity in another province after that.
1c. For CEC, you need to have 2 years of studies, 1 year of work and you need to get a decent IELTS. Processing times here:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/times/perm-ec.aspNote that for 1a. and 1b. you must stay with the same employer throughout your processing. If something happens with your project or your work permit expires and can not be renewed, you may lose your application. CEC on the other hand is independent of workplace, if you qualify, you may apply and your application will continue to be processed even if you leave Canada in the meantime.
Also note for 1a. and 1b. that you have a choice of applying through your native country or through the USA whichever you like better. For FSW, you might have to have an interview though so if you don't have or can't get a visa to the US, you might have a problem there.