You can do everything of the above mentioned issues while you are inside canada.
At first, if you have a valid passport, you can renew your work permit if you meet the requirements for the work permit extension from within canada by sending the application forms with the required documents to the immigration department inside canada by mail. (all of the above do not need or even relate to the temporary residence visa as long as you are not going to leave canada).
To renew your work permit, you have to fill the following application forms:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/forms/IMM1249E.PDFhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/forms/IMM5556E.PDFhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/guides/5553E.PDFSend them to the following address(if you are extending your application with the same employer);
Citizenship and Immigration -
Work Permit
CPC-Vegreville
6212 - 55th Avenue, Unit 202
Vegreville AB
T9C 1X6
Or the following address if you are extending your application with a new employer);
Citizenship and Immigration -
Work Permit
CPC-Vegreville
6212 - 55th Avenue, Unit 555
Vegreville AB
T9C 1X6
The second point, temporary residence visas are required only to allow persons who need visa to enter canada, therefore you will need it only if you are planning to leave the country even if it is for one day.
If you want to get a new TRV while you are in canada, proceed at first to get your work permit renewed and as soon as you receive the new work permit, fill in the following application forms:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/forms/IMM1295B.PDFhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/forms/IMM5488E.PDFhttp://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/guides/5487E.PDFSend them to the following address: (Buffalo visa office),
Canadian Consulate General
Immigration Regional Program Centre
1 HSBC Center, Suite 3000
Buffalo, New York 14203-2884 U.S.A.
Submit copy of your renewed work permit and your old work permit, along with the required documents in the above document checklist.
Good luck.