First off let me refer you to
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/index.asp. This site has alot of the answers your looking for and guides for each process if you havent checked it out already.
There are a few options of how to apply for Canada PR. There is a skilled worker class, buisness class, family class, refugee class and a couple others. The one that seems to apply to your situation most is sponsorship. You can apply to be a PR as a married, common-law, or conjugal couple. Since your not married and feel that you are not ready 2 be married that option is gone. To apply as common-law their are certain requirements you have 2 meet like living together for a year along with combining whatever affairs of your guys together (bank accounts, leases, etc). And conjugal is pretty much not an option because theres nothing really preventing you 2 from being a married couple. U can't just fill out a form and be issued a PR card theres a whole long paper work process involved. The CIC site has all the forms and guides for you to access. You are allowed to live in Canada during the process on a temporary visa. Temporary visas are usually valid for 6 months. Any longer then that and you would have to apply for an extention. The timeline depends on what your applying for and where your applying to.